To improve Recycle bin space.

To improve Recycle bin space.

In recycle bin we can store only certain  no of files. When recycle become full the oldest files will get deleted.

We can improve the memory allocated to the recycle bin.

Steps:

1.       Right click recycle bin

2.       Select properties

3.       Increase the amount storage space given to the recycle bin.

You have to know one thing that the more memory space allocated to the recycle bin the less the space allocated to the another files.

If you delete a big file that is more than the size of recycle bin it will get deleted

File formats:-----1

When ever we want to open a file we just double click on the file name. Different files open in different applications. The application to be opened when we click on the file is determined by three or two letter suffix in the file name.

We will see about different types of file format in this series.

First about image file format:

First know one thing clear. Images are also files such as word file. It is just a combination of 1 and zeros.

There are 44 different graphic file formats available .

There two different type of images

1.      Raster

2.      Vector.

Raster:

R aster image is a combination of dot of colors called as pixels. In block and white pictures there is only one bit per pixel. The upper color level of gif image is 256 colors.

 Vector image.

Vector images are more than a simple grid of colored dots. They're actual vectors of data stored in mathematical formats rather than bits of colored dots.

We will now see about important image file formats:

.jpg

The jpeg format is one of the common image formats and is frequently used to display images and graphics on the internet.it uses advanced compression techniques to keep the file sizes to minimum.

.bmp

It is the simplest of the graphic files.you can  use any application to open this file  including windows paint.

.psd

These graphics file have been created by adobe photo shop..

.gif

This is the another popular format  for displaying on the internet.

.tif

Files with the .tif suffix are one of the most widely used formats storing images on the home computer.these files  can be opened in  many appliocations

.scr

These are windows screen saver files.

C# chapter-1 introduction.

What is c#?

C#-pronounced as c sharp-is specially created for Dot net.

It is an object oriented language.
It is a modern language
It is easy to learn

It is  based on c,c++ languages.
It produces Efficient program

It contains simplicity of vb, powerful of c++, and elegance of java.

What is.NET?

After the invention of internet java was introduced to create web oriented applications. Java was also a successful one. There is no web language for  Microsoft. Then it  introduced web concepts in vb6. It was a failure. So Microsoft introduced dot-net.

Java creators tell like this

“write once in java and run anywhere”

It means java is a portable language. If you write a java program you can run it on any platform with out change. But you can write in any language in dot-net. Yes ,dot-net supports many languages such as c#,vb,c++ and COBOL.

You can write any language in dot-net. First they are compiled and changed in MSIL(Microsoft intermediate language. Then jit compiler runs the il.the il is not like Microsoft java’s class file. You can not read java’s class files. But MSIL  is a separate language. There are even books for MSIL.

Which languages are supported by .NET?

C#

C++

Visual basic

Jscript

And it also supports third party languages like

Cobol

Eiffel

Perl

Phython

Small talk

Mercury.

1.       Simple

2.       Speed

3.       Contains a lot of library classes. Common to all languages.

4.       Installation is easy

5.       Low exceptions. 

 what type of applications can be created using .NET?

.NET can be used to creating different type of application. Also a .NET solution can consists of projects written in different languages. For example a vb.net project  can contain a data access component written in c#. This is possible because of inter operability of .NET between projects.

What are Console applications?

Console applications means graphics less applications. Only character will be present. The following statement is the entry point of console applications.

Public static void Main(String args)

The project uses Read,ReadLine, Write,WriteLine methods present in the system.console class.

 what are windows applications?

Example for windows application is ms-word. Normally it contain graphics as icon. We may run any commands by just clicking on the icon..Net can be used for creating such applications.

what are windows controls ?

A windows controls can be created using base controls in toolbox. If you have studied active x control creating using vb6 or vc++ it will be very useful to start learning on creating windows controls in .net.

what are web projects?

Web sites can be created using asp.net the server side asp.net engine will convert the asp.net codes in to pure HTML codes. The browser will execute the HTML code and display  website.Asp.net is used to create interactive, dynamic web sites.

what are Web services

The web services provide information to other web sites. For examples a website can get information such as climate, business news from web services. The main aim of the .Net is providing the software as services.

C# and dot-net.

 C# is a language invented specially  for dot-net. Dot-net developers always choose c# language for their programs. C# 4.0 is the recent version c#

c# chapter-2 Dot net Applications

.NET can be used to creating different type of application. Also a .NET solution can consists of projects written in different languages. For example a vb.net project  can contain a data access component written in c#. This is possible because of interoperability of .NET between projects.

 Console applications

Console applications means graphics less applications. Only character will be present. The following statement is the entry point of console applications.

Public static void Main(String args)

The project uses Read,ReadLine, Write,WriteLine methods present in the system.console class.

Windows applications.

Example for windows application is ms-word. Normally it contain graphics as icon. We may run any commands by just clicking on the icon..Net can be used for creating such applications.

Windows controls

A windows controls can be created using base controls in toolbox. If you have studied active x control creating using vb6 or vc++ it will be very useful to start learning on creating windows controls in .net.

Web projects

Web sites can be created using asp.net the server side asp.net engine will convert the asp.net codes in to pure html codes. The browser will execute the html code and display  website.Asp.net is used to create interactive, dynamic web sites.

Web services

The web services provide information to other web sites. For examples a website can get informations such as climate, business news from webservices. The main aim of the .Net is providing the software as services.

shortcut keys used in notepad

new- -----  ctrl+n
open-------ctrl+o
save-------ctrl+s
select all-ctrl+a
cut---------ctrl+x
copy------ctrl+c
paste-----ctrl+v
print------ctrl+p
saveas----f6
find--------ctrl+f

c-3rd chapter

Decision making statements

Decision making statements are used to skip or to execute a group of statements based on the result of some conditions.

Simple if statements

If…else statement

Nested if

Switch statement

If statement

  Logical if statement

Logical if statement is used to execute or skip one statement  or group of statements for a particular conditions.

The general form is

If(test condition)

{

Statements;

}

Next statement

                                                                  

                                                                  

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void  main()

{

int mark;

char grade;

clrscr();

Printf(“enter mark and grade”);

scanf("%d %c",&mark,&grade);

if (grade==’A’)

{

mark=mark+10;

}

printf(“%d”,mark);

getch();

}

output:

enter mark and grade: 75,A

85

if---else statement

if…..else statement is used to execute one group of statements if the test condition is true or other group of statements if the condition is false.

the general form is

if(condition)

{

statement block-1;

}

else

{

statement block2;

}

next statement;

<!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->

Example:

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int mark;

clrscr();

printf(“enter mark”);

scanf(“%d”,& mark);

if(mark>=35)

printf(“pass”);

else

printf(“fail”);

getch();

}

output:

enter mark:65

pass

                           

else….if statement

else …if ladder statement is used to take multiway decision. this statement is formed by joing if else statements

the general form is;

if(test condition-1)

{

statement block-1;

}

else if (test condition2)

[

statement block-2

}

…………………….

……………………

else if(test condition-n)

[

statement—n)’

}

else

default statement;

next statement

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

{

int day;

clrscr();

printf(“Give a number between 1 and 7\n”);

scanf(“%d”,&day);

if(day==1)

printf(“Monday\n”);

else if(day==2)

printf(“Tuesday\n”);

else if(day==3)

printf(“Wednesday\n”);

else if(day==4)

printf(“Thursday\n”);

else if(day==5)

printf(“Friday\n”);

else if(day==6)

printf(“Saturday\n”);

else

printf(“Sunday”);

getch();

}

output:

Give a number between 1 and 7:

5

Friday

OTHER EXAMPLES:

/* BIG NO OF A ANDF B*/

#include stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

void main()

[

int a,b;

clrscr();

printf(“enter a and b”);

scanf(“%d %d”,&a,&b);

if(a>b)

printf(“a is big”);

else

printf(“b  is big”);

getch();

}

output:

enter a and b: 10 15

b is big

what is oops?

object oriented programming

object oriented programming(oop) is used to build oops. objects are the basic building block of object oeiented programming system(oops)

the real world objects have two characteristics:state and behavior.

 for example human beings have state such as name,color,age, and height and behaviors such as walking,dancing and sleeping.

oops consists of following features.

Ee     encapsulation

ab    abstrraction

in     iinheritance

po   poly morphism

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation implies that the non-essential details of an object are hidden fronm the user and an access is provided to its essential details. therefore, encapsulation is also information hiding.

For examplewhen  you switch on the tv the tv starting showing movies. you don’t have to know what is happening in the internal electrical circuits and cathode ray tube and that is hidden from the viewer.

Abstraction:

In object oriented,programming, abstraction means ignoring the non essential; details of an object and concentrating on essential details.

To implement abstraction , you also use the enca0psulation feature . encapsulation hides the irrelavant details of an object and abstraction makesonly relavant features of an object visible.

Inheritance:

In object  oriented methodology , inheritance enables you to extend the functionality   of an existing class. you create a class inherits attributes and behavior of another class. in addition , a new class can consist of a few new attributes and behavior that are specific to the class. interms of  classes and objects,attributes refer to the data  and behavior refer to methods.

Polymorphism:

polymorhism is derived from lathin words poly, which means many, and morph, which means forms.  Any thing that exists in more than one form is known as polymorph.

In object oriented methodology, polymorphism is the feature that enables you to assign a different meaning  or usage to an entity  in different contexts. the entity can be a variable, method, or an object. polymorphism enables an entity to have more than one form depending upon the context in which it is used.

What it is indicating is…..

In today’s newspapers I have come across two notable things.

The first one is advent of fully computerized cars that drive themselves. It can talk, see, drive and no longer needs a human being to control it by remote. The vehicle maneuvers through traffic on its own using a sophisticated combination of devices, including a computer, electronics and a precision satellite navigation system in the trunk, a camera in the front, and laser scanners on the roof and around the front and laser scanners. The car of the future –completely computer controlled- is on the streets of Berlin.

The second one is IPSoft founded in 1998 by Dube and his colleagues from New York University, has made a software heavily on expert systems that mimic the human brain. They are capable of self-learning and autonomously solving a majority of the problems that arise on the computer networks.

Both are advanced technologies. They indicate our success towards artificial intelligence. The fifth generation of computing that is our current generation is artificial intelligence. We are not fully success ful and we have only partly succeeded in this field . Robots couldn’t be made as and don’t have analytical thinking as humans. But the above two indicates that we are successfully proceeding in artificial intelligence

Another reason improvement is Google translate. It translates the sentences from one language to another language. Although the translation is not perfect, it is a also a improvement in artificial intelligence.

One happy news is Microsoft has ensured that windows 8 includes full backward compatibility. All existing applications will work and even the upgrade from windows7 to 8 is seamless. Microsoft’s windows 8 developer preview is available for every one to download for free.-and you don’t be need to be a developer either. The 32 bit version is bere http://goo.gl/JVcJQ.  it ‘s size is 2.8 gb. The 64 bit version is 4.8 gb in size,bundled with developer tools  and it can be downloaded from http://goo.gl/MS1tm.  

]

How to protect computers from virus.

1.       Make sure automatic protection is turned on at all times.

2.       Perform manual scan of your hard disks weekly.

3.       You can also schedule a scan to occur automatically.

4.       Enable automatic live updates to update your virus definition files.

5.       Make periodic updates of your hard disk.

6.       Don’t open email messages and email attachments from people you don’t know.

7.       Password protect your shared network drives

Chapter-1 . c introduction.

What is c?
it is a programming language
Commonly software is split into two types. They are
1. Language
2. Package.
What is package?
Example is ms-word, excel.
Packages are already predefined .That is if we want to format a paragraph there are icons in word software such as bold and italic by just clicking these icons we can format text. That is what should happen when we click bold icon is already predefined.
Opposite to it in programming language there will be set of statements. By executing these statements we can make solution to a problem. We can make packages using languages . that is what should happen in a package when events such as clicking a bold icon are defined through programming language.
We can also write operating system using languages like c.
What is an operating system?
Operating system is also software. It comes in the type of system software. This soft ware manages the system . i.e allocating memory to an application or setting priorities to software such as which should run first. It is also act as a interface between system and user.
Examples for operating system are
1. Windows xp
2. Windows 7
3. Unix
4. Linux
In 1972 at bell laboratories, USA a research of developing UNIX operating system was going on. To write UNIX operating system they needed a language. So they were in the need of a programming language. So they developed c language. So the reason behind invention of c is to write UNIX operating system.
C is a portable language.
Why it is called as portable language?
A program written in c language in one platform can be run on another platform without change. So c is called as portable language.
C is powerful
C is structure oriented language.
C is not an object oriented programming language.
C can be used to write high level business applications. At the same time it can be used for low level assembly programs. As it can be used for both high level and low level programming it is called as middle level language.
Applications of c:
1. C is basic language for learning advanced languages like c++, java c#.
2. C is used in field of graphics
3. Used for creating system level programming. It is used for creating operating system, compilers.
What is a compiler?
Source code written in a programming language cannot be understood by system. There is an equal binary code for source code. The binary code contain only I’s and 0’s and it can be under stand by system. The role of compiler is to change source code in to machine language.

Next chapter

When routers didn’t work.

Some times our routers will not work.

 Simply switch off router and back on again solves most problems.

If it doesn’t work it may be because of changes in the configuration setting of router.. by using browser  we can reset router to its factory default s.

Providing proper ventilation to router will also be better because it can get quick worm.

In some routers there will be a hardware reset button.

Advantages of wpf

What is wpf?

• Ø  It is actually new framework introduced with dot net framework
• Ø  It has new set of classes  and assemblies which allow us to write programs more efficiently and flexibility
• Ø  It uses direct 3d rendering which employs graphics cards to render the output on the screen
• Ø  Thus drawing will be smooth.

Advantages of wpf

Ø  Wpf introduces device independent DPI setting for application built with it.

Ø  rendered with in direct environment.

Ø  Major support for graphics and animation capabilities

Ø  Separate set of classes for animation effect and graphics.

Ø  Graphics are vector based and object oriented.

Ø  Comes with huge flexibilities to define the styles and control templates.

Ø  Comparable to css.

Ø  In traditional system styles are tightly coupled with interfaces. In wpf you can define a style and you put the style on the element.

Ø  Resource based approach

Ø  In wpf you can store styles, controls, animations and even any object as resource and you may associate them to the controls.

Ø  It has introduced new property system. Every element of wpf defines a large number of dependency properties. And it has strong capabilities than normal properties.

CHAPTER-2 INTRODUCING PROGRAM IN C

We are going to write a program which will just display the output “hello world”.

The function for printing  on the console is printf function.(console  means monitor).

The following statement

Printf(“hello world”);

Will print the required output.

The  printf statement should be written with in main function as

Void main()

{

Printf(“hello world”);

}

The open curly brace marks the beginning of main function.

The closing curly brace marks the end of main     function.

Normaly  in c curly braces are used to mark the beginning and end of the block.

The block is a group of one or more sentences.

Now we are going to add one more statement at the beginning of the program.

#include<stdio.h>

Void main()

{

Printf(“hello world”);

}

The include statement includes the header file stdio.h

Stdio.h-> standard inputoutput.h

What is a header file.

Headers files  are files where the library functions are declared. Printf function is declared in stdio.h

In this programming if we didn’t include the include statement the compiler will show an error as printf function prototype missing.

Proto type refers to function declaration.

Now  save the program

Now compile the program.

The compiler will show an error if we did any syntax error in the program.

Syntax refers to the grammar of c language.

After correcting the error the program will get compiled.

That means the program will be converted into machine code.

Now run the program.

Now view the program output.

When we run the program second time or running any other program the program out put will be appended at the end of the previous programs output.

To avoid this we add another library function clrscr() which will clear the screen.

The clrscr() function needs the conio.h  header file to be included.

Conio.hà console input output.h

Now the program will be

#include<stdio.h>

#include<conio.h>

Void main()

{

Clrscr();

Printf(“hello world”);

}

Previous chapter